The Research Process     
     
  The following pages were created to allow hospitality and tourism managers to familiarize themselves with some of the basic quantitative and qualitative research techniques, concepts and terminology. The objective is to provide this information in an easily accessible format and non-technical language, and link it to references for more in-depth information and other research sites. This undertaking was made possible by the generous support of the Ontario Hostelry Institute, AMEX Canada, and Ryerson University.

The research process involves six distinct phases, although they are not always completely linear, since research is iterative (earlier phases influence later ones, while later ones can influence the earlier phases). Perhaps one of the most important characteristics of a good researcher is the unwillingness to take shortcuts, to rush through the research. It is important to keep an open mind to recognize changes that must be accomodated to ensure the reliability and validity of the research.
 
Why Conduct Research
  Multidisciplinary Approach to Research
  Typology of Research
  Ethics
The Research Process
  1. Problem Definition 
  Request for Proposal
  2. Literature Review
3. Research Design, Data Collection Techniques and Selection of Subjects
  Conclusive Research
  Descriptive Research
   Causal Research
    Experimentation
    Simulation
  Primary Research
  Observation
   Direct Communication
     Qualitative Research Techniques
      The Experience Survey
      The Case Study
       The Pilot Study
        The Depth Interview
        The Focus Group
         Panels
          Consumer Panels
          The Nominal Group Technique
          The Delphi Method
         Projective Techniques
          Word Association Test
          Sentence Completion Test
          Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
          Third-Person Technique
     Quantitative Research
      Survey Techniques
      Telephone
      Self Administered
      Interview
  Sampling and Sample Design
   Probability Sampling
    Simple Random Sampling
    Stratified Sampling
    Cluster Sampling
   Nonprobability Sampling
    Judgement Sampling
    Quota Sampling
    Convenience Sample
  Validity
  Reliability
  Questionnaire Design and Wording
  Measurement and Scaling
  Nominal Scale
  Ordinal Scale
  Interval Scale
  Ratio Scale
  Question Wording
  Question Types
  Considerations in Wording
  Design and Layout
  Layout and Sequencing
  Pretesting
4. Data Analysis
  Frequency Distribution
  Calculation of Central Tendencies
  Cross-Tabulations
  Calculating the Chi Square Statistic
  Determining Correlation
5. Drawing Conclusions
  Interpreting Results
  Summarizing Conclusions
  Making Recommendations

   
       
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


This Tourism Research Webring site owned by Dr. Marion Joppe.
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