(with Scott Wilson, University of Regina). Crested wheat-grass is an aggressive competitor due to its size, early emergence, and growth rate. It also flourishes in the absence of grazing, and with eutrophication. We are examining the dynamics of Crested Wheat-grass invasion, focusing on above- and below-ground interactions, in conjunction with experimental grazing and nutrient additions at the Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge in northern Montana.  Is Crested wheat-grass dominance unaffected by, or contingent on, the absence of herbivory? Are there detectable differences in resource allocation between exotic and native dominants (e.g, root:shoot ratios, tissue quality vs. quantity), and how are these modified by grazing and eutrophication, individually and interactively?