Whitfield Lab . Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology . Chris Whitfield PH.D. Canada Research Chair in Molecular Microbiology . Professor and Chair, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology

  Articles in journals

    2012

  1. Kubler-Kielb, J., C. Whitfield, E. Katznellenbogen, and E. Vinogradov. 2012. Identification of the methyl phosphate substituent at the non-reducing terminal mannose residue of the O-specific polysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae O3, Hafnia alvei PCM 1223 and Escherichia coli O9/O9a LPS. Carbohydr. Res. 347: 186-188.

    2011

  1. Clarke, B.R., M.R. Richards, L.K. Greenfield, D. Hou, T.L. Lowary, and C. Whitfield. 2011. In vitro reconstruction of the chain termination reaction in biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli O9a O-polysaccharide; the chain-length regulator, WbdD, catalyzes the addition of methyl phosphate to the non-reducing terminus of the growing glycan. J. Biol. Chem. 286: 41391-41401.
  1. Babu, M., J.J. Díaz-Mejéa, J. Vlasblom, A. Gagarinova, S. Phanse, C. Graham, R. Arnold, F. Yousif, H. Ding, X. Xiong, A. Nazarians-Armavil, M. Alamgir, M. Ali, O. Pogoutse, A. Pe′er, J. Parkinson, A. Golshani, C. Whitfield, S. J. Wodak, G. Moreno-Hagelsieb, J.F. Greenblatt and A. Emili. 2011. Genetic interaction maps in Escherichia coli reveal condition-dependent functional crosstalk among cell envelope biogenesis pathways. PLOS Genetics 7:e1002377.
  1. Leipold, M.D., O. Ornatsky, V. Baranov, C. Whitfield, and M. Nitz. 2011. Development of mass cytometry methods for bacterial discrimination.  Analytical Biochemistry. 419:1-8.
  1. Larue, K, R.C. Ford, L.M. Willis and C. Whitfield. 2011. Functional and structural characterization of polysaccharide co-polymerase proteins required for polymer export in ATP-binding cassette transporter-dependent capsule biosynthesis pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286: 16658-16668.

    2010

  1. Bushell, S.R., H. Lou, G.D. Wallat, K. Beis, C. Whitfield and J.H. Naismith. 2010. Crystallization and preliminary diffraction analysis of Wzi, a member of the capsule export and assembly pathway in Escherichia coli. Acta Crystallographica Section F. 66: 1621-1625.

  1. Tran, A.X., C. Dong and C. Whitfield. Structure and functional analysis of LptC, a conserved membrane protein involved in the lipopolysaccharide export pathway in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285: 33529-33539.

  1. Whitfield, C. 2010. Polymerases: glycan chain-length control. Nature Chemical Biology 6: 403-404. (Invited News and Views Commentary).

  1. Cuthbertson, L., V. Kos and C. Whitfield. 2010. ABC transporters involved in the export of cell-surface glycoconjugates. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74: 341-362.

  1. Kos, V., and C. Whitfield. 2010. A membrane-located glycosyltransferase complex required for biosynthesis of the D-galactan I polysaccharide O antigen in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 285: 19668-19687.

  1. Whitfield C, and I.L. Mainprize. 2010. TPR motifs: hallmarks of a new polysaccharide export scaffold. Structure (Invited Commentary)

    2009

  1. Clarke, B.R., L.K. Greenfield, C. Bouwman, and C. Whitfield. 2009. Coordination of polymerization, chain termination, and export in assembly of the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide O9a antigen in an ABC transporter-dependent pathway.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry     284: 30662-72.

  2. Hageleuken, G., H. Huang, I.L. Mainprize, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2009. Crystal structures of Wzb of Escherichia coli and CpsB of Streptococcus pneumoniae, representatives of two different families of tyrosine phosphatases that regulate capsule assembly.
    Journal of Molecular Biology.     392: 678-688.

  3. Huang, H., G. Hageleuken, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2009. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the bacterial capsule assembly-regulating tyrosine phosphatases Wzb of Escherichia coli and Cps4B of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Acta Crystallographica Section F.     65: 770-772.

  4. Morley, T.J., L.M. Willis, C. Whitfield, W.W. Wakarchuk, and S.G. Withers. 2009. A new sialidase mechanism: bacteriophage K1F endo-sialidase is an inverting glycosidase.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry.     284:17404-17410.

  5. Ford, R.C., A. Brunkan-LaMontagne, R. Collins, B.R. Clarke, R. Harris, J.H. Naismith, and C. Whitfield. 2009. Structure-function relationships of the outer membrane translocon Wza investigated by cryoelectron microscopy and mutagenesis.
    Journal of Structural Biology    . 166: 172-182.

  6. Hageleuken, G., W.J. Ingledew, H. Huang, B. Pterovic-Stojanovska, C. Whitfield, H. ElMkami, O. Schiemann, and J.H. Naismith 2009. PELDOR distance fingerprinting of the octameric outer-membrane protein Wza from Escherichia coli.
    Angewandte Chemie. 2904-2906.

  7. Cuthbertson, L., I. Mainprize, J.H. Naismith, and C. Whitfield. 2009. Export of extracellular polysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria; the pivotal roles of OPX and PCP protein families.
    Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 73: 155-177.

  8. Larue, K., M. Kimber, R. Ford and C. Whitfield. 2009. Biochemical and structural analysis of bacterial O antigen chain length regulator proteins reveals a conserved quaternary structure.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283: 7395-7403

  9. Errey, J.C., M.C. Mann, S.A. Fairhurst, L. Hill, M.R. McNeil, J.H. Naismith, J.M. Percy, C. Whitfield and R.A. Field. 2009. Sugar nucleotide recognition by Klebsiella pneumoniae UDP-D-galactopyranosemutase: fluorinated substrates, kinetics and equilibria.
    Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry     7: 1009-1016.

  10. Kos, V., L. Cuthbertson, and C. Whitfield. 2009. The Klebsiella pneumoniae O2a antigen defines a second mechanism for O antigen ABC transporters.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry    . 283: 284: 2947-2956.

    2008

  1. Whitfield, C., and K. LaRue. 2008. Stop and go: regulation of chain length in the biosynthesis of bacterial polysaccharides.
    Nature Structural and Molecular Biology     15: 121-123 (News and Views).
  2. Tran, A.X., MS Trent, and C. Whitfield. 2008. The LptA protein of Escherichia coli is a periplasmic lipid A binding protein involved in the lipopolysaccharide export pathway.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry     283: 20342-20349.
  3. Whitfield, C and J.H. Naismith. 2008. Periplasmic export machines for outer membrane assembly.
    Current Opinions in Structural Biology     18: 1-9.

    2007

  4. Cuthbertson, L., M. Kimber and C. Whitfield. 2007. Substrate binding by a bacterial ABC-transporter involved in polysaccharide export.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA     104: 19529-19534.
  5. Leipold, M.D., E. Vinogradov, and C. Whitfield. 2007. Substrate specificity of the glycosyltransferases WaaJ and WaaT, enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide outer core region in Escherichia coli.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry    . 282: 26786-26792.
  6. Steiner, K., R. Novotny, K. Patel, E. Vinogradov, C. Whitfield, M.A. Valvano, P. Messner and C. Schäffer. 2007. Functional characterization of the initiation enzyme of S-layer glycoprotein glycan biosynthesis in Geobacillus stearothermophilus NRS 2004/3a.
    Journal of Bacteriology     189: 2590-2598.
  7. Collins, R.F., K. Beis, C. Dong, C. Botting, C. McDonnell, C., R.C. Ford, B.R. Clarke, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2007. The 3-D structure of a novel periplasm-spanning platform required for assembly of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA     104: 2390-2395.
  8. Leipold, M., N.A. Kaniuk, and C. Whitfield. 2007.
    The C-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli WaaJ glycosyltransferase is important for membrane association and catalytic activity.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry 282: 1257-1264.

    2006

  9. Dong, C., K. Beis, J. Nesper, A.L. Brunkan, B.R. Clarke, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2006.
    Wza, the translocon for E. coli capsular polysaccharides defines a new class of membrane protein.
    Nature 444: 226-229.
  10. Dong, C., L.J. Major, V. Srikannathasan, J.C. Errey, D. Philp, M. Asuncion, M.-F. Giraud, J.S. Lam, P. Messner, M. Graninger, M.R. McNeil, R.A. Field, C. Whitfield and J.H. Naismith.
    RmlC, a C3′ and C5′ carbohydrate epimerase appears to operate via an intermediate with an unusual twist boat conformation.
    Journal of Molecular Biology 365: 146-159.
  11. Wacker, M., M.F. Feldman, N. Callewaert, B.R. Clarke, N.L. Pohl, M. Hernandez, E.D. Vines, M.A. Valvano, C. Whitfield, and M. Aebi.
    Substrate specificity of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase suggests a common transfer mechanism for the bacterial and eukaryotic systems.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 103: 7088-7093.
  12. Beis, K., C. Whitfield, I. Booth and J.H. Naismith. 2006.
    Two-step purification of outer membrane proteins.
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 39: 10-14.
  13. Whitfield, C. 2006.
    Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli.
    Annual Reviews in Biochemistry 75: 39-68.
  14. Collins, R.F., K. Beis, B.R. Clarke, R.C. Ford, M. Hulley, J.H. Naismith and C. Whitfield. 2006.
    Periplasmic protein-protein contacts in the inner membrane protein, Wzc, form a tetrameric complex required for the assembly of Escherichia coli group 1 capsules.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281: 2144-2150.

    2005

  15. Cuthbertson, L., J. Powers, and C. Whitfield. 2005.
    Periplasmic protein-protein contacts in the inner membrane protein, Wzc, form a tetrameric complex required for the assembly of Escherichia coli group 1 capsules Journal of Biological Chemistry. 281: 2144-2150.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280: 30310-30319.
  16. Frirdich, E., C. Bouwman, E. Vinogradov, and C. Whitfield. 2005.
    The role of galacturonic acid in outer membrane stability in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry., 280: 27604-27612.
  17. Reid, A.N, and C. Whitfield. 2005.
    Functional analysis of conserved gene products involved in the assembly of Escherichia coli capsules and exopolysaccharides: evidence for molecular recognition between the Wza and Wzc proteins for colanic acid biosynthesis.
    Journal of Bacteriology, 187: 5470-5481.
  18. Frirdich, E., and C. Whitfield. 2005.
    Characterization of GlaKP, a UDP-galacturonic acid C4-epimerase from Klebsiella pneumoniae with extended substrate specificity.
    Journal of Bacteriology, 187: 4104-4115.
  19. Beis, K., V. Sikannathasan, H. Liu, S.W.B. Fullerton, V.A. Bamford, D.A.R. Sanders, C. Whitfield and J.H. Naismith. 2005.
    Crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis UDP-galactopyranose mutase in the oxidized state and Klebsiella pneumoniae UDP-galactopyranose mutase in the (active) reduced state.
    Journal of Molecular Biology. 348: 971-982.
  20. Frirdich, E., and C. Whitfield. 2005.
    Lipopolysaccharide inner core structure and outer membrane stability in the Enterobacteriaceae.
    Journal of Endotoxin Research. 11: 133-44.

2004

  1. Kaniuk, N.A., Vinogradov E. and C. Whitfield. 2004.
    Investigation of the structural requirements in the lipopolysaccharide core acceptor for ligation of O antigens in the genus Salmonella: WaaL "ligase" is not the sole determinant of acceptor specificity.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279: 36470-36480.
  2. Clarke, B.R., L. Cuthbertson, and C. Whitfield. 2004.
    Non-reducing terminal modifications determine the chain length of polymannose O antigens of Escherichia coli and couple chain termination to polymer export via an ABC-transporter.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279: 35709-35718.
  3. Kaniuk, N., E. Vinogradov, J. Li, M.A. Monteiro, and C. Whitfield. 2004.
    Chromosomal and plasmid-encoded enzymes are required for assembly of the R3-type core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli O157:H7.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279: 31237-31250.
  4. Frirdich, E., E. Vinogradov, and C. Whitfield. 2004.
    Biosynthesis of a novel 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid-containing outer core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279: 27928-27940.
  5. Beis, K., R.F. Collins, R.C. Ford, A.B. Kamis, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2004.
    Three-dimensional structure of Wza, the protein required for translocation of group 1 capsular polysaccharide across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279: 28227-28232.
  6. Beis, K., J.M. Nesper, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2004.
    Crystallisation and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Wza outer membrane lipoprotein from E. coli serotype O9a:K30.
    Acta Crystallographica Section D. D60: 588-560.
  7. Shankar-Sinha, S., G.A. Valencia, B. James, J.K. Rosenberg, C. Whitfield, R. Bender, T.J. Sandiford, and J.G. Younger. 2004.
    Klebsiella pneumoniae O antigen contributes to bacteremia and lethality in a murine model of pneumonia.
    Infection and Immunity. 72: 1423-1430.

2003

  1. Nesper, J., C.M.D. Hill, A. Paiment, G. Harauz, K. Beis, J.H. Naismith, and C. Whitfield. 2003.
    Translocation of group 1 capsular polysaccharide in Escherichia coli serotype K30: structural and functional analysis of the outer membrane lipoprotein Wza.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278: 49763-49772.
  2. Dong, C., K. Beis, M.-F. Giraud, W. Blankenfeldt, S. Allard, L.L. Major, I.D. Kerr, C. Whitfield and J.H. Naismith. 2003.
    A structural perspective on the enzymes that convert dTDP-D-glucose into dTDP-L-rhamnose.
    Biochemical Society Transactions. 31: 532-536.
  3. Whitfield, C. and A. Paiment. 2003.
    Biosynthesis and assembly of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and related extracellular polysaccharides in other bacteria.
    Carbohydrate Research. 338: 2431-2442.
  4. Rahn, A., K. Beis, J.H. Naismith, and C. Whitfield. 2003.
    A novel outer membrane protein, Wzi, is involved in surface assembly of the Escherichia coli K30 group 1 capsule.
    Journal of Bacteriology 185: 5882-5890.
  5. Fullerton, S.W.B., S. Daff, D.A.R. Sanders W.J. Ingledew, C. Whitfield, S.K. Chapman, and J.H. Naismith. 2003.
    Potentiometric analysis of UDP-galactopyranose mutase: stabilization of the flavosemiquinone by substrate.
    Biochemistry 42: 2104-2109.
  6. Frirdich, E., B. Linder, O. Holst, and C. Whitfield. 2003.
    Overexpression of the waaZ gene leads to modification of the structure of the inner core region of Escherichia coli llipopolysaccharide, truncation of the outer core, and reduction of the amount of O polysaccharide on the cell surface.
    Journal of Bacteriology 185: 1659-1671.
  7. Rahn, A.R., and C. Whitfield. 2003.
    Transcriptional organization and regulation of the Escherichia coli K30 group 1 capsule biosynthesis (cps) gene cluster.
    Molecular Microbiology. 47: 1045-1060.
  8. Whitfield, C., N. Kaniuk, and E. Frirdich. 2003.
    Molecular insights into the assembly and diversity of the outer core oligosaccharide in lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli and Salmonella.
    Journal of Endotoxin Research. 9: 244-249.

2002

  1. Kaniuk, N., M. Monteiro, C. Parker, and C. Whitfield. 2002.
    Molecular diversity of the genetic loci responsible for lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide assembly within the genus Salmonella.
    Molecular Microbiology 46: 1305-1318.
  2. Reid A., J. Hocking, and C. Whitfield. 2002.
    The impact of phosphorylation of specific residues in the tyrosine autokinase, Wzc, on its activity in assembly of group 1 capsules in Escherichia coli.
    Journal of Bacteriology 184: 6437-6447.
  3. Schäffer, C., T. Wugeditsch, P. Messner, and C. Whitfield. 2002.
    Functional expression of enterobacterial O-polysaccharide biosynthesis enzymes in Bacillus subtilis.
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 4722-4730.
  4. Vinogradov, E., E. Frirdich, L.L. MacLean, M.B. Perry, B.O. Petersen, J.Ø. Duus, B. Lindner, and C. Whitfield. 2002.
    Structures of lipopolysaccharides from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Elucidation of the structure of the linkage region between core and polysaccharide O chain and identification of the residues at the non-reducing termini of the O chains.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 25070-25081.
  5. Blankenfeldt, W., I.D. Kerr, M.-F. Giraud, H.J. McMiken. G. Leonard, C. Whitfield, P. Messner, M. Graninger, and J.H. Naismith. 2002.
    Variation on the theme of SDR: dTDP-6-deoxy-lyxo-4-hexulaose reductase (RmlD) shows a new Mg2+-dependent dimerization mode in a well-known enzyme family.
    Structure. 10: 773-786.
  6. Raetz, C.R.H., and C. Whitfield. 2002.
    Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.
    Annual Reviews in Biochemistry. 71: 635-700.
  7. Allard, S.T.M., K. Beis, M.-F. Giraud, A.D. Hegeman, J.W. Gross, C. Whitfield, M. Graninger, P. Messner, A.G. Allen, D. Maskell, and J.H. Naismith. 2002.
    Toward a structural understanding of the dehydratase mechanism.
    Structure. 10: 1-20.

2001

  1. Sanders, D.A.R., A.G. Staines, S.A. McMahon, M.R. McNeil, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 2001.
    UDP-galactopyranose mutase has a novel structure and mechanism.
    Nature Structural Biology. 8: 858-863.
  2. Yethon, J.A., and C. Whitfield. 2001.
    Lipopolysaccharide as a target for the development of novel therapeutics in Gram negative bacteria.
    Current Drug Targets – Infectious Disorders. 1: 91-106.
  3. Guan, S., A.J. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 2001.
    Functional analysis of the galactosyl transferases required for biosynthesis of D-galactan I, a glycan found in the lipopolysaccharides of several O serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Gram-negative bacteria.
    Journal of Bacteriology 183: 3318-3327.
  4. Allard, S.T.M, M.-F. Giraud, C. Whitfield, P. Messner, M., Graninger, M., and J.H. Naismith. 2001.
    The crystal structure of dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB) from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the second enzyme in the dTDP-L-rhamnose pathway.
    Journal of Molecular Biology. 307: 283-295.
  5. Yethon, J.A., and C. Whitfield. 2001.
    Purification and characterization of waaP from Escherichia coli, a lipopolysaccharide kinase essential for outer membrane stability.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276: 5498-5504.
  6. Wugeditsch, T., A. Paiment, J. Hocking, J. Drummelsmith, C. Forrester, and C. Whitfield. 2001.
    Phosphorylation of Wzc, a tyrosine autokinase, is essential for assembly of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276: 2361-2371.
  7. Keenleyside, W.J., A.J. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 2001.
    Identification of residues involved in catalytic activity of the inverting glycosyl transferase WbbE from Salmonella enterica serovar borreze.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 183:77-85.

2000

  1. Yethon, J.A., Vinogradov, E., Perry, M.B., and C. Whitfield. 2000.
    Mutation of the lipopolysaccharide core glycosyltransferase encoded by waaG destabilizes the outer membrane of Escherichia coli by interfering with core phosphorylation.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 182: 5620-5623.
  2. Yethon, J.A., J.S. Gunn, D. Malo, L. Laroche, R.K. Ernst, S.I. Miller, and C. Whitfield. 2000.
    Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium waaP mutants show increased susceptibility to polymyxin and loss of virulence in vivo.
    Infection and Immunity. 68: 4485-4491.
  3. Amor K., D. E. Heinrichs, E. Frirdich, K Ziebell, R. Johnson, and C. Whitfield. 2000.
    Distribution of core oligosaccharide types in lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli.
    Infection and Immunity. 68: 1116-1124.
  4. Allard, S., M.-F. Giraud, C. Whitfield, P. Messner, and J.H. Naismith. 2000.
    The purification, crystallisation and structural elucidation of dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase (RmlB), the second enzyme of the dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis pathway from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
    Acta Crystallographica Section D. D56: 222-225.
  5. Drummelsmith, J., and C. Whitfield. 2000.
    Translocation of group 1 capsular polysaccharide to the surface of Escherichia coli (O9a:K30) requires a multimeric complex in the outer membrane.
    EMBO Journal. 19: 57-66.

1999

  1. Giraud, M.-F., H.J. McMiken, G.A. Leonard, P. Messner, C. Whitfield, and J.H. Naismith. 1999.
    Overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary structural study of dTDP-6-deoxy-L-lyxo-4-hexulose reductase (RmlD), the fourth enzyme of the dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis pathway, from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
    Acta Crystallographica Section D. D55: 2043-2046.
  2. Whitfield, C., D.E. Heinrichs, J. Yethon, K. Amor, M.A. Monteiro, and M.B. Perry. 1999.
    Assembly of the R1-type core oligosaccharide of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.
    Journal of Endotoxin Research.5: 151-156.
  3. Graninger, M., B. Nidetzky, D.E. Heinrichs, C. Whitfield, and P. Messner. 1999.
    Characterization of dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose epimerase and dTDP-4-dehydrorhamnose reductase, required for dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274: 25069-25077.
  4. Rahn, A. J. Drummelsmith, and C. Whitfield. 1999.
    Conserved organization in the gene clusters for expression of Escherichia coli group 1 K antigens: relationship to the colanic acid biosynthesis locus and the genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 181: 2307-2313.
  5. Whitfield, C, and I.S. Roberts. 1999.
    Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in Escherichia coli.
    Molecular Microbiology. 31: 1307-1320.
  6. Drummelsmith, J., and C. Whitfield. 1999.
    Gene products required for surface expression of the capsular form of the group 1 K antigen in Escherichia coli (O9a:K30).
    Molecular Microbiology. 31: 1321-1332.
  7. Amor, P.A. J. A. Yethon, and C. Whitfield. 1999.
    Assembly of the K40 antigen in Escherichia coli: identification of a novel enzyme responsible for addition of L-serine residues to the glycan backbone and its requirement for K40 polymerization.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 181: 772-780.
  8. Giraud, M.-F., F.M. Gordon, C. Whitfield, P. Messner, S.A. McMahon, and J.H. Naismith. 1999.
    Purification, crystallization and preliminary structural studies of dTDP-6-deoxy-D-xylo-4-hexulose 3,5-epimerase (RmlC), the third enzyme of the dTDP-L-rhamnose synthesis pathway, from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.
    Acta Crystallographica Section D. D55: 706-708.

1998

  1. Heinrichs, D.E., J.A. Yethon, P. A. Amor, and C. Whitfield. 1998.
    The assembly system for the outer core portion of R1 and R4-type lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli. The R1 core-specific β-glucosyltransferase provides a novel attachment site for O polysaccharides.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273: 29497- 29505.
  2. Yethon, J.A., D.E. Heinrichs, M. Monteiro, M.B. Perry, and C. Whitfield. 1998.
    Involvement of waaY, waaQ, and waaP in the modification of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, and their role in the formation of a stable outer membrane.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273: 26310-26316.
  3. Heinrichs, D.E., J.A. Yethon, and C. Whitfield. 1998.
    Molecular basis for structural diversity in the core regions of the lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.
    Molecular Microbiology. 30: 221-232.
  4. Heinrichs, D.E., M.A. Monteiro, M.B. Perry, and C. Whitfield. 1998.
    The assembly system for the lipopolysaccharide R2 core-type of Escherichia coli is a hybrid of those found in Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella enterica. Structure and function of the R2 WaaK and WaaL homologs.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273: 8849-8859.

1997

  1. Köplin, R., J.-R. Brisson, and C. Whitfield. 1997.
    UDP-galactofuranose precursor required for formation of lipopolysaccharide O antigen of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 is synthesized by the product of the rfbDKPO1 gene.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272: 4121-4128.
  2. Trautmann, M., M. Ruhnke, T. Rukavina, T.K. Held, A.S. Cross, R. Marre, and C. Whitfield. 1997.
    O-antigen seroepidemiology of Klebsiella clinical isolates and implications for immunoprophylaxis of Klebsiella infections.
    Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 4: 550-555.
  3. Whitfield, C., P.A. Amor, and R. Köplin. 1997.
    Modulation of the surface architecture of Gram-negative bacteria by the action of surface polymer:lipid A-core ligase and by determinants of polymer chain length.
    Molecular Microbiology. 23: 629-638.
  4. Amor, P.A., and C. Whitfield. 1997.
    Molecular and functional analysis of genes required for expression of group IB K antigens in Escherichia coli: characterization of the his-region containing gene clusters for multiple cell-surface polysaccharides.
    Molecular Microbiology. 26: 145-161.
  5. Drummelsmith, J., P.A. Amor, and C. Whitfield. 1997.
    Polymorphism, duplication and IS1-mediated rearrangement in the his-rfb-gnd region of Escherichia coli strains with group IA capsular-K-antigens.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 179: 3232-3238.

1996

  1. Reeves, P.R., M. Hobbs, M. Valvano, M. Skurnik, C. Whitfield, D. Coplin, N. Kido, J. Klena, D. Maskell, C. Raetz, and P.D. Rick. 1996.
    Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis and gene nomenclature.
    Trends in Microbiology. 4: 495-503.
  2. Keenleyside, W.J., and C. Whitfield. 1996.
    A novel pathway for O-polysaccharide biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Borreze.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271: 28581-28592.
  3. Kelly, R.F., and C. Whitfield. 1996.
    Clonally diverse rfb gene clusters are involved in expression of a family of related galactan O antigens in Klebsiella species.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 178: 5205-5214.
  4. Dodgson, C., P. Amor, and C. Whitfield. 1996.
    Distribution of the rol gene encoding the regulator of lipopolysaccharide O-chain length in Escherichia coli and its influence on the expression of group I capsular K antigens.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 178: 1895-1902.
  5. Severn, W. B., R.F. Kelly, J.C. Richards, and C. Whitfield.
    Structure of the core oligosaccharide in the serotype O8 lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    Journal of Bacteriology.178: 1731-1741.

1995

  1. Whitfield, C. 1995.
    Biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide O antigens.
    Trends in Microbiology.3: 178-185.
  2. Whitfield, C., and W.J. Keenleyside. 1995.
    Regulation of expression of group IA capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli and related extracellular polysaccharides in other bacteria.
    Journal of Industrial Microbiology.15: 361-371.
  3. Clarke, B.R., D. Bronner, W.J. Keenleyside, W.B. Severn, J.C. Richards, and C. Whitfield. 1995.
    Role of Rfe and RfbF in initiation of biosynthesis of D-galactan I, the lipopolysaccharide O antigen from Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 177: 5411-5418.
  4. Keenleyside, W.J., and C. Whitfield. 1995.
    Lateral transfer of rfb genes: a mobilizable ColE1-type plasmid carries the rfbO:54 (O:54 antigen biosynthesis) gene cluster from Salmonella enterica serovar Borreze.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 177: 5247-5253.
  5. Kelly, R.F., L.L. MacLean, M.B. Perry, and C. Whitfield. 1995.
    Structures of the O-antigens of Klebsiella serotypes O2(2a, 2e), O2 (2a, 2e, 2h), and O2(2a, 2f, 2g), members of a family of related D-galactan O-antigens in Klebsiella spp.
    Journal of Endotoxin Research. 2:131-140.
  6. Szabo, M., D. Bronner, and C. Whitfield. 1995.
    Relationships between rfb clusters required for the biosynthesis of identical D-galactose-containing O-side chain polysaccharides in the lipopolysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 and Serratia marcescens serotype O16.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 177: 1554-1553.

1994

  1. Bronner, D., B.R. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 1994.
    Identification of an ATP-binding cassette transport system required for translocation of lipopolysaccharide O-antigen side chains across the cytoplasmic membrane of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1.
    Molecular Microbiology. 14: 505-519.
  2. Jayaratne, P., D. Bronner, P.R. MacLachlan, C. Dodgson, N. Kido, and C. Whitfield. 1994.
    Cloning and analysis of duplicated rfbM and rfbK genes involved in the formation of GDP-mannose in Escherichia coli O9:K30 and participation of rfb genes in the synthesis of the group I K30 capsular polysaccharide.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 176: 3126-3139.
  3. Keenleyside, W.J., M.B. Perry, L.L. MacLean, C. Poppe, and C. Whitfield. 1994.
    A plasmid-encoded rfbO:54 gene cluster is required for biosynthesis of the O:54 antigen in Salmonella enterica serovar Borreze.
    Molecular Microbiology. 11: 437-448.

1993

  1. MacLachlan, P.R., W.J. Keenleyside, C. Dodgson, and C. Whitfield. 1993.
    Formation of the K30 (group I) capsule in Escherichia coli O9:K30 does not require attachment to lipopolysaccharide lipid A-core.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 175: 7515-7522.
  2. Keenleyside, W.J., D. Bronner, B. Jann, K. Jann, and C. Whitfield. 1993.
    Co-expression of colanic acid and serotype-specific capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli strains with group II K-antigens.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 175: 6725-6730.
  3. Kelly, R.F., W.B. Severn, J.C. Richards, M.B. Perry, L.L. MacLean, J.M. Tomás, S. Merino, and C. Whitfield. 1993.
    Structural variation in the O-specific polysaccharides of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1 and O8 lipopolysaccharide; evidence for clonal diversity in rfb genes.
    Molecular Microbiology. 10: 615-625.
  4. Jayaratne, P., W.J. Keenleyside, P.R. MacLachlan, C. Dodgson, and C. Whitfield. 1993.
    Characterization of rcsB and rcsC from Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 and examination of the role of the rcs regulatory system in expression of group I capsular polysaccharides.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 175: 5384-5394.
  5. Schoenhals, G., and C. Whitfield. 1993.
    Comparative analysis of flagellin sequences from Escherichia coli strains possessing serologically distinct flagellar filaments with a shared complex surface pattern.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 175: 5395-5394.
  6. MacLean, L.L., C. Whitfield, and M.B. Perry. 1993.
    Characterization of polysaccharide antigen of Klebsiella pneumoniae O:9 lipopolysaccharide.
    Carbohydrate Research. 239: 325-328.

1992

  1. Whitfield, C., M.B. Perry, L.L. MacLean, and S. H. Yu. 1992.
    Structural analysis of the O-antigen side chain polysaccharides in the lipopolysaccharides of Klebsiella spp. serotypes O2(2a), O2(2a,2b) and O2(2a,2c).
    Journal of Bacteriology. 174: 4913-4919.
  2. Clarke, B.R., and C. Whitfield. 1992.
    Molecular cloning of the rfb region of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1:K20: the rfb gene cluster is responsible for the synthesis of the D-galactan I O-polysaccharide.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 174: 4614-4621.
  3. Keenleyside, W.J., P. Jayaratne, P.R. MacLachlan, and C. Whitfield. 1992.
    The rcsA gene of Escherichia coli O9:K30:H12 is involved in the expression of the serotype-specific group I K-(capsular)-antigen.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 174: 8-16.

1991

  1. Clarke, A.J., V. Sarabia, W. Keenleyside, P.R. MacLachlan, and C. Whitfield. 1991.
    The compositional analysis of bacterial polysaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography.
    Analytical Biochemistry. 199: 68-74.
  2. Whitfield, C., J.C. Richards, M.B. Perry, B.R. Clarke, and L.L. McLean. 1991.
    Expression of two structurally distinct D-galactan O-antigens in the lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype O1.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 173: 1420-1431.
  3. McCallum, K.L., and C. Whitfield. 1991.
    The rcsA gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1:K20 is involved in the expression of the serotype-specific K (capsular) antigen.
    Infection and Immunity. 59: 494-502.

1990

  1. Schoenhals, G., and C. Whitfield. 1990.
    Monoclonal antibodies against serotype specific and conserved epitopes in morphotype E Escherichia coli flagellins.
    FEMS Microbiology Letters. 72: 117-122.
  2. McCallum, K.L., G. Schoenhals, D. Laakso, B. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 1989.
    A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O antigen epitope and determines serum resistance to non-specific serum killing.
    Infection and Immunity. 57: 3816-3822.

1989

  1. McCallum, K.L., D.H. Laakso, and C. Whitfield. 1989.
    Use of a bacteriophage encoded glycanase enzyme in the generation of lipopolysaccharide O side chain deficient mutants of Escherichia coli O9:K30 and Klebsiella O1:K20: role of O and K antigens in resistance to complement-mediated serum killing.
    Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 35: 994-999.
  2. Whitfield, C., G. Schoenhals, and L. Graham. 1989.
    Mutants of Escherichia coli O9:K30 with altered synthesis and expression of the capsular K30 antigen.
    Journal of General Microbiology. 135: 2589-2599.
  3. Homonylo, M.K., S.J. Wilmot, J.S. Lam, L.A. MacDonald, and C. Whitfield. 1988.
    Monoclonal antibodies against the capsular K-antigen of Escherichia coli (O9:K30(A):H12); characterization and use in analysis of K-antigen organization on the cell surface.
    Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 34: 1159-1165.

1988

  1. Whitfield, C. l988.
    Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides.
    Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 34: 415-420.
  2. Laakso, D.H., M.K. Homonylo, S.J. Wilmot, and C. Whitfield. 1988.
    Transfer and expression of the genetic determinants for O and K-antigen synthesis in Escherichia coli O9:K30(A):H12 and Klebsiella sp. O1:K20, in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 34: 987-992.
  3. Whitfield, C., S.G. Walker, C.F. Atkinson, J.S. Lam, L.A. MacDonald, T.J. Beveridge, I. Ørskov and F. Ørskov. 1988.
    Serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies against the H12 flagellar antigen of Escherichia coli.
    Journal of General Microbiology. 134: 1747-1753.
  4. Duchesne, L.G.M., J.S. Lam, L.A. MacDonald, C. Whitfield, and A.M. Kropinski. 1988.
    Effect of pH and acrylamide concentration on the separation of lipopolysaccharides in polyacrylamide gels.
    Current Microbiology. 16: 191-194.

1986

  1. Whitfield, C., and M. Lam. 1986.
    Characterization of coliphage K30, a bacteriophage specific for Escherichia coli capsular type K30.
    FEMS Microbiology Letters. 37: 351-355.
  2. Ceri, H., H.A.I. McArthur and C. Whitfield. l986.
    The association of alginate from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with two forms of heparin-binding lectin from rat lung.
    Infection and Immunity. 51: 1-5.

1985

  1. Whitfield, C., E.R. Vimr, J.W. Costerton, and F.A. Troy. 1985.
    Membrane proteins correlated with expression of the polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 161: 743-749.
  2. Nickel, J.C., T.J. Marrie, C. Whitfield, and J.W. Costerton. 1985.
    Antibiotic resistance of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing a urinary catheter in vitro.
    European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 4: 2l3-2l8.

1984

  1. Whitfield, C. and F.A. Troy. 1984.
    Biosynthesis and assembly of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. Activation of sialyl polymer synthesis in inactive sialyltransferase complexes requires protein synthesis.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259: 12776-12780.
  2. Whitfield, C., D.A. Adams and F.A. Troy. 1984.
    Biosynthesis and assembly of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. Role of a low density vesicle fraction in activation of the endogenous synthesis of sialyl polymers.
    Journal of Biological Chemistry. 259: 12769-12775.
  3. Whitfield, C., E.R. Vimr, J.W. Costerton and F.A. Troy. 1984.
    Protein synthesis is required for in vivo activation of polysialic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli K1.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 259: 321-328.

1983

  1. Whitfield, C., R.E.W. Hancock, and J.W. Costerton. 1983.
    Outer membrane protein K of Escherichia coli: purification and pore-forming properties in lipid bilayer membranes.
    Journal of Bacteriology. 156: 873-879.

1982

  1. Troy, F.A., D.A. Adams and C. Whitfield. 1982.
    Lipid dynamics during the spontaneous reactivation of a membranous sialyltransferase complex in E. coli K235.
    Biophysical Journal. 37: 85-86.
  2. Whitfield, C., I.W. Sutherland and R.E. Cripps. 1982.
    Glucose metabolism in Xanthomonas campestris.
    Journal of General Microbiology. 128: 981-985.

1981

  1. Whitfield, C., I.W. Sutherland, and R.E. Cripps. 1981.
    Surface polysaccharides in mutants of Xanthomonas campestris.
    Journal of General Microbiology. 124: 385-392.
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