UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, PHOTOBIOPHYSICS LAB
News:
1.
Meg’s, Lichi’s, and Eve’s paper on PR came out in JACS, congratulations!
2.
Ying’s paper on Phaeosphaeria
rhodopsins came out in BBA-Bioenergetics, congratulations!
3.
Ying has defended her Ph.D. thesis and Meg has defended her M.Sc. thesis,
congratulations!
4.
Shenlin’s and Lichi’s paper on ASR H/D exchange came out Biophys. J.
(Biophysics Letters section), congratulations!
People
in the lab:
Dr.
Leonid Brown, Professor
Department of Physics
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1
Office MacN 325, Labs MacN 025 and 024
(519) 824-4120 x53777 or x52668, fax: (519) 836-9967, E-mail: lebrown@uoguelph.ca
You can find my personal page at: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~lebrown/
Dr. Shenlin Wang, Postdoctoral Fellow (co-supervized with V.
Ladizhansky), CIHR Scholar, x53985 or x52668
Meaghan Ward, M.Sc., Ph.D. Student (BIG) (co-supervized with V.
Ladizhansky), NSERC Scholar, x56439 or x52668
Sanaz Emami, M.Sc., Ph.D. Student (BIG) (co-supervized with
V. Ladizhansky), Trillium Scholar, x56439 or x52668
Donald Fernandes, M.Sc. Student (BIG), x56439 or
x52668
Rachel Munro, Undergraduate Research Assistant (Biochemistry
Co-op) (co-supervized with V. Ladizhansky), x56439 or
x52668
Matthew O’Halloran, Undergraduate Research Assistant (co-supervized
with V. Ladizhansky), x52668
Alumni:
Dr. Lichi
Shi, M.Sc and Ph.D, Postdoctoral Fellow - now a postdoctoral fellow at U of
Toronto
Dr.
Arandi G. Bezerra, Jr., Visiting Scientist - now an Associate Professor
at UTFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
Dr.
Ying (Cathy) Fan, M.Sc and Ph.D, Research Associate
Mylene
Miranda, Ph.D. (BIG) – now a postdoctoral fellow in Brazil
Stephen
(Stefko) Waschuk, M.Sc. (BIG) - now a medical writer at Biovail
Illya Tolokh, M.Sc. (GWPI) - now an MD/Ph.D. student at Washington U. (St.
Louis, USA)
Lin Chen, M.Sc. (BIG)
Arthur
Rocha, Undergraduate Research Assistant
Dr.
Izuru Kawamura, Visiting Scientsit from Yokohama Natl. Univ.
Evelyn
Lake, Undergraduate Research Assistant – now a graduate student at U. of
Toronto
Active Collaborations:
Professor Vladimir
Ladizhansky (University of Guelph) – Honorary Photobiophysics Lab Member
Professor Kwang-Hwan (Kevin) Jung (Sogang University, Seoul,
Korea)
Professor Hideki Kandori (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan)
Professor
Lars Konermann (Univeristy of Western Ontario)
Dr. Valentyn Prokhorenko and Professor R.J. Dwayne Miller (University of
Toronto)
Professor Akimori Wada (Kobe Pharmaceutical University,
Japan)
Research Topics:
Photobiophysics, structure/function of membrane proteins, biospectroscopy (visible, infrared, Raman, NMR), retinal-binding proteins, membrane transport.
Research Support:
The research is (or was) supported by grants from NSERC, CFI/OIT(MRI), PREA, Research Corporation, AFMNet, NRF Korea, and University of Guelph. Our students, postdocs, and visiting scientists are (or were) supported by scholarships and fellowships from NSERC, OGS, CIHR, MITACS, Bruker, Trillium Ontario, and JSPS.
Present Research Activities:
We
are studying a diverse family of photoactive retinal-binding proteins,
microbial rhodopsins. We use modern biophysical methods (including time-resolved
spectroscopy in the visible, FTIR spectroscopy, SPR, NMR, and Raman) in
combination with molecular biology. Currently, we are working on three major
themes.
1) Fungal rhodopsins. Recently, we found that Leptosphaeria rhodopsin
can function as a light-driven transmembrane proton pump, first proven case of
such rhodopsin in eucaryotes (see the media links below). We continue our
exploration of other functional groups of fungal rhodopsins, which may have a
photosensory role. Lately, we also expand into other eucaryotic membrane
proteins.
2) Cyanobacterial rhodopsins. We study photosensory rhodopsin from
cyanobacteria in collaboration with V. Ladizhansky and K.H. Jung (Sogang
University).
3) Proteorhodopsin. In collaboration with Vladimir Ladizhansky, we explore the
structure of this novel marine proton pump by solid-state NMR.
Media
Links on Our Research:
The Simple Life, Fungus Style (Science Now)
A primitive
energy pathway in fungus (The Scientist and Genome Biology)
Faculty of 1000: The
first LR paper (Waschuk et al, PNAS USA, 2005), and isotope-labeled LR paper (Fan et al, J.
Biomol. NMR, 2011)
PUBLICATIONS (Guelph Photobiophysics people
underlined)
81. Pan Y., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2011) Hydrogen exchange mass
spectrometry of bacteriorhodopsin reveals light-induced changes in the
structural dynamics of a biomolecular machine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133:20237-20244.
80. Ward M.E., Shi L., Lake E.M.,
Krishnamurthy S., Hutchins H., Brown L.S., Ladizhansky V. (2011) Proton detected
solid-state NMR reveals intramembrane polar networks in a seven-helical
transmembrane protein proteorhodopsin. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133:17434-17443.
79. Fan Y., Solomon P., Oliver R.P., Brown L.S. (2011) Photochemical
characterization of a novel fungal rhodopsin from Phaeosphaeria nodorum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1807: 1457–1466.
78. Wang S., Shi L., Kawamura I.,
Brown L.S., Ladizhansky V. (2011) Site-specific solid-state NMR
detection of hydrogen-deuterium exchange reveals conformational changes in a
7-helical transmembrane protein. Biophys. J., 101: L23-L25.
77. Wang S., Kim S.Y., Jung K.-H., Ladizhansky V., Brown L.S. (2011) A eukaryotic-like interaction
of soluble cyanobacterial sensory rhodopsin transducer with DNA. J. Mol. Biol.,
411: 449-462.
76. Pan Y., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2011)
Kinetic folding mechanism of an integral membrane protein examined by pulsed
oxidative labeling and mass spectrometry. J. Mol. Biol., 410: 146-158.
75. Pan Y., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2011)
Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy as
complementary tools for studying the structure and dynamics of a membrane
protein. Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 302: 3-11.
74.
Prokhorenko V.I., Halpin A., Johnson P.J.M., Miller R.J.D., Brown L.S.
(2011) Coherent control of the isomerization of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin in
the high intensity regime. J. Chem. Phys., 134: 085105.
73.
Fan Y., Shi L., Ladizhansky V., Brown L.S. (2011) Uniform isotope
labeling of a eukaryotic seven-transmembrane helical protein in yeast enables
high-resolution solid-state NMR studies in the lipid environment. J. Biomol.
NMR, 49: 151-161.
72. Shi L., Kawamura I., Jung K.-H., Brown L.S., Ladizhansky V. (2011) Conformation
of a seven-helical transmembrane photosensor in the lipid environment. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 50:
1302-1305.
71. Pan Y., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2010)
Site-directed mutagenesis combined with oxidative methionine labeling for
probing structural transitions of a membrane protein by mass spectrometry. J.
Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 21: 1947–1956.
70. Pan Y., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2009)
Mapping the structure of an integral membrane protein under semi-denaturing
conditions by laser-induced oxidative labeling and mass spectrometry. J. Mol.
Biol., 394: 968–981.
69. Shi L.,
68.
Shi L., Ahmed M.A.M., Zhang W., Whited G., Brown L.S.,
Ladizhansky V. (2009) Three-dimensional solid-state NMR study of a
seven-helical integral membrane proton pump – structural insights. J. Mol.
Biol., 386: 1078-1093.
67. Miranda M.R.M., Choi A.R., Shi L., Bezerra A.G., Jr.,
Jung K.-H., Brown L.S. (2009) The photocycle and proton translocation
pathway in a cyanobacterial ion-pumping rhodopsin. Biophys. J., 96: 1471-1481.
66. Ahmed M.A., Bamm V.V., Shi L., Steiner-Mosonyi M., Dawson J.F., Brown
L.S., Harauz G., Ladizhansky V. (2009) Induced secondary
structure and polymorphism in an intrinsically disordered structural linker of
the CNS: solid-state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy of myelin basic protein bound to
actin. Biophys. J., 96: 180-191.
65. Pan Y., Stocks B.B., Brown L.S., Konermann L. (2009) Structural
characterization of an integral membrane protein in its natural lipid
environment by oxidative methionine labeling and mass spectrometry. Analyt.
Chem., 81: 28-35.
64. Shi L., Peng X., Ahmed M.A.M., Edwards D., Brown L.S.,
Ladizhansky V. (2008) Resolution enhancement by homonuclear J-decoupling:
application to three-dimensional solid-state magic angle spinning NMR
spectroscopy. J. Biomol. NMR, 41: 9-15.
63. Kim S.Y., Waschuk S.A., Brown L.S., Jung K.-H. (2008)
Screening and characterization of proteorhodopsin color-tuning mutations in Escherichia
coli with endogenous retinal synthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1777:
504–513.
62. Prokhorenko V.I., Nagy A.M., Brown L.S., Miller R.J.D. (2007) On the mechanism of weak-field coherent control of retinal
isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin. Chem. Phys.,
341: 296-309.
61. Magyari K., Simon V., Fan Y., Brown L.S., Varo G. (2007)
Absorption kinetics and electrical signals measured on Leptosphaeria
rhodopsin. Digest J. Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 2: 265-269.
60. Fan Y., Shi L., Brown L.S. (2007) Structural basis
of diversification of fungal retinal proteins probed by site-directed
mutagenesis of Leptosphaeria rhodopsin. FEBS Lett., 581: 2557-2561.
59. Furutani Y., Sumii M., Fan Y., Shi L., Waschuk S.A.,
Brown L.S., Kandori H. (2006) Conformational coupling between the
cytoplasmic carboxylic acid and the retinal in a fungal light-driven proton
pump. Biochemistry, 45: 15349-15358.
58. Prokhorenko V.I., Nagy A.M., Waschuk S.A., Brown L.S.,
Birge R.R., Miller R.J.D. (2006) Coherent control of the retinal isomerization
in bacteriorhodopsin. Science, 313: 1257-1261. Also see the discussion in 317:
453c.
57. Shi L., Yoon S.R., Bezerra A.G., Jr., Jung K.-H., Brown
L.S. (2006) Cytoplasmic shuttling of protons in Anabaena sensory
rhodopsin: implications for signaling mechanism. J. Mol. Biol., 358: 686–700.
56. Zimányi L., Saltiel J., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K. (2006) A priori
resolution of the intermediate spectra in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle: the
time evolution of the L spectrum revealed. J. Phys. Chem. A, 110:
2318-2321.
55. Brown L.S., Jung K.-H. (2006) Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins of
eubacteria and fungi: the extent of conservation of the haloarchaeal
proton-pumping mechanism. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 5: 538-546.
54. Sumii M., Furutani Y., Waschuk S.A., Brown L.S., Kandori H.
(2005) Strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecule present near the retinal
chromophore of Leptosphaeria rhodopsin, the bacteriorhodopsin-like
proton pump from a eukaryote. Biochemistry, 44: 15159-15166.
53. Waschuk S.A., Bezerra A.G., Jr., Shi L., Brown
L.S. (2005) Leptosphaeria rhodopsin: bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump
from a eucaryote. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 6879-6883.
52. Garczarek F., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K., Gerwert K. (2005) Proton
binding within a membrane protein by a protonated water cluster. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 3633-3638.
51. Furutani Y., Bezerra A.G., Jr., Waschuk S., Sumii M., Brown
L.S., Kandori H. (2004) FTIR spectroscopy of the K photointermediate of Neurospora
rhodopsin: structural changes of the retinal, the protein, and the water
molecules after photoisomerization. Biochemistry, 43:
50. Brown L.S. (2004) Fungal rhodopsins and opsin-related proteins:
eukaryotic homologues of bacteriorhodopsin with unknown functions. Photochem.
Photobiol. Sci., 3: 555-565.
49. Schobert B., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K. (2003) Crystallographic structures
of the M and N intermediates of bacteriorhodopsin: assembly of a
hydrogen-bonded chain of water molecules between asp-96 and the retinal Schiff
base. J. Mol. Biol., 330: 553-570.
48. Váró G., Brown L.S., Lakatos M., Lanyi J.K. (2003) Characterization
of the photochemical reaction cycle of proteorhodopsin. Biophys. J., 84:
1202-1207.
47. Dioumaev A.K., Brown L.S., Shih J., Spudich E.N., Spudich J.L., Lanyi J.K.
(2002) Proton transfers in the photochemical reaction cycle of proteorhodopsin.
Biochemistry, 41: 5348-5358.
46. Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (2002) Conformational change of the
E-F interhelical loop in the M photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin. J. Mol.
Biol., 317: 471-478.
45. Dioumaev A.K., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (2001) Coupling of the
reisomerization of the retinal, proton uptake, and reprotonation of Asp-96 in
the N photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 40: 11308-11317.
44. Brown L.S. (2001) Proton transport mechanism of bacteriorhodopsin as revealed
by site-specific mutagenesis and protein sequence variability. Biochemistry
(Moscow), 66: 1546-1554.
43. Brown L.S., Dioumaev A.K., Lanyi J.K., Spudich E.N., Spudich J.L. (2001)
Photochemical reaction cycle and proton transfers in Neurospora rhodopsin.
J. Biol. Chem., 276: 32495-32505.
42. Xiao W., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K., Shin Y.-K. (2000)
Light-induced rotation of a transmembrane a-helix in bacteriorhodopsin. J. Mol.
Biol., 304: 715-721.
41. Brown L.S. (2000) Reconciling crystallography and mutagenesis: a synthetic
approach to the creation of a comprehensive model for proton pumping by
bacteriorhodopsin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1460: 49-59.
40. Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (2000) Origins of deuterium kinetic
isotope effects on the proton transfers of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.
Biochemistry, 39: 938-945.
39. Dioumaev A.K., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1999) FTIR spectra of
a late intermediate of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle suggest transient
protonation of Asp-212. Biochemistry, 38: 10070-10078.
38. Váró G., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1999) Binding of calcium
ions to bacteriorhodopsin. Biophys. J., 76: 3219-3226.
37. Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1999) Functional roles of aspartic
acid residues at the cytoplasmic surface of bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry,
38: 6855-6861.
36. Subramaniam S., Lindahl M., Bullough P., Faruqi A.R., Tittor J., Oesterhelt
D., Brown L.S., Lanyi J., Henderson R. (1999) Protein conformational changes in
the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. J. Mol. Biol., 287: 145-161.
35. Brown L.S., Dioumaev A.K., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1998) Connectivity of
the retinal Schiff base to Asp-85 and Asp-96 during the bacteriorhodopsin
photocycle: the local-access model. Biophys. J., 75: 1455-1465.
34. Dioumaev A.K., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1998) Partitioning of
free energy gain between the photoisomerized retinal and the protein in
bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 37: 9889-9893.
33. Brown L.S., Dioumaev A.K., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1998) Local-access
model for proton transfer in bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 37: 3982-3993.
32. Dioumaev A.K., Richter H.-T., Brown L.S., Tanio M., Tuzi S., Saito H.,
Kimura Y., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1998) Existence of a proton transfer chain
in bacteriorhodopsin: participation of Glu-194 in the release of protons to the
extracellular surface. Biochemistry, 37: 2496-2506.
31. Thorgeirsson T.E., Xiao W., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K., Shin
Y.-K. (1997) Transient channel-opening in bacteriorhodopsin: an EPR study. J.
Mol. Biol., 273: 951-957.
30. Renthal R., Chung Y.-J., Escamilla R., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K. (1997)
Guanidinium restores the chromophore but not rapid proton release in
bacteriorhodopsin mutant R82Q. Biophys. J., 73: 2711-2717.
29. Brown L.S., Kamikubo H., Zimányi L., Kataoka M., Tokunaga F., Verdegem P.,
Lugtenburg J., Lanyi J.K. (1997) A local electrostatic change is the cause of
the large-scale protein conformation shift in bacteriorhodopsin. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 5040-5044.
28. Kandori H., Yamazaki Y., Hatanaka M., Needleman R., Brown L.S., Richter
H.-T., Lanyi J.K., Maeda A. (1997) Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared
study of structural changes in the last steps of the photocycles of Glu-204 and
Leu-93 mutants of bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 36: 5134-5141.
27. Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1996) Interaction of proton and
chloride transfer pathways in recombinant bacteriorhodopsin with chloride
transport activity: implications for the chloride translocation mechanism.
Biochemistry, 35: 16048-16054.
26. Chon Y.-S., Sasaki J., Kandori H., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K., Needleman R.,
Maeda A. (1996) Hydration of the counterion of the Schiff base in the
chloride transporting mutant of bacteriorhodopsin: FTIR and FT-Raman studies on
the effect of anion binding when Asp85 is replaced with a neutral residue.
Biochemistry, 35: 14244-14250.
25. Weidlich O., Schalt B., Friedman N., Sheves M., Lanyi J.K., Brown
L.S., Siebert F. (1996) Steric interaction between the 9-methyl group of
the retinal and tryptophan 182 controls 13-cis to all-trans reisomerization and
proton uptake in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Biochemistry, 35:
10807-10814.
24. Váró G., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1996) Proton transport by
halorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 35: 6604-6611.
23. Richter H.-T., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1996) A linkage of the
pKa's of Asp-85 and Glu-204 forms part of the reprotonation switch of
bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 35: 4054-4062.
22. Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K. (1996) Determination of the transiently lowered pKa
of the retinal Schiff base during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 1731-1734.
21. Brown L.S., Sasaki J., Kandori H., Maeda A., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K.
(1995) Glutamic acid 204 is the terminal proton release group at the
extracellular surface of bacteriorhodopsin. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 27122-27126.
20. Váró G., Brown L.S., Sasaki J., Kandori H., Maeda A., Needleman R., Lanyi
J.K. (1995) Light-driven chloride ion transport by halorhodopsin from Natronobacterium
pharaonis. 1. The photochemical cycle. Biochemistry, 34: 14490-14499.
19. Brown L.S., Váró G., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1995) Functional
significance of a protein conformation change at the cytoplasmic end of helix F
during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Biophys. J., 69:2103-2111.
18. Brown L.S., Váró G., Hatanaka M., Sasaki J., Kandori H., Maeda A., Friedman
N., Sheves M., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1995) The complex extracellular domain
regulates the transient deprotonation and reprotonation of the retinal Schiff
base during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Biochemistry, 34: 12903-12911.
17. Sasaki J., Brown L.S., Chon Y.-S., Kandori H., Maeda A., Needleman R.,
Lanyi J.K. (1995) Conversion of bacteriorhodopsin into a chloride ion pump.
Science, 269: 73-75.
16. Cao Y., Brown L.S., Sasaki J., Maeda A., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1995)
Relationship of proton release at the extracellular surface to deprotonation of
the Schiff base in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Biophys. J., 68:
1518-1530.
15. Yamazaki Y., Sasaki J., Hatanaka M., Kandori H., Maeda A., Needleman R.,
Shinada T., Yoshihara K., Brown L.S., Lanyi J.K. (1995) Interaction of
tryptophan-182 with the retinal 9-methyl group in the L intermediate of
bacteriorhodopsin. Biochemistry, 34: 577-582.
14. Brown L.S., Gat Y., Sheves M., Yamazaki Y., Maeda A., Needleman R., Lanyi
J.K. (1994) The retinal Schiff base - counterion complex of bacteriorhodopsin:
changed geometry during the photocycle is a cause of proton transfer to
aspartate 85. Biochemistry, 33: 12001-12011.
13. Kataoka M., Kamikubo H., Tokunaga F., Brown L.S., Yamazaki Y., Maeda A.,
Sheves M., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1994) Energy coupling in an ion pump: the
reprotonation switch of bacteriorhodopsin. J. Mol. Biol., 243: 621-638.
12. Brown L.S., Yamazaki Y., Maeda A., Sun L., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1994)
The proton transfers in the cytoplasmic domain of bacteriorhodopsin are
facilitated by a cluster of interacting residues. J. Mol. Biol., 239: 401-414.
11. Cao Y., Brown L.S., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1993) Relationship of proton
uptake on the cytoplasmic surface and reisomerization of the retinal in the
bacteriorhodopsin photocycle: an attempt to understand the complex kinetics of
the pH changes and the N and O intermediates. Biochemistry, 32: 10239-10248.
10. Brown L.S., Zimányi L., Needleman R., Ottolenghi M., Lanyi J.K. (1993)
Photoreaction of the N intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin, and its relationship
to the decay kinetics of the M intermediate. Biochemistry, 32: 7679-7685.
9. Brown L.S., Bonet L., Needleman R., Lanyi J.K. (1993) Estimated acid
dissociation constants of the Schiff base, Asp-85, and Arg-82 during the
bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Biophys. J., 65: 124-130.
8. Brown L.S., Chamorovsky S.K. (1993) Light adaptation blockage in dehydrated
purple membrane does not result from retinal isomerization inhibition. J.
Photochem. Photobiol. B., 18: 123-126.
7. Kononenko A.A., Lukashev E.P., Brown L.S., Chamorovsky S.K., Kruming
B.A., Yakushev S.A. (1993) Model devices based on bacteriorhodopsin -
prototypes of position sensitive photodetectors. Biophysics (Russia), 38:
996-1002.
6. Brown L.S., Druzhko A.B., Kononenko A.A., Chamorovsky S.K., Shakhbazyan
V.Y. (1993) Spectral properties of bacteriorhodopsin analog obtained by
reconstitution of bacterioopsin with 4-keto-retinal in vivo. Biol. Membr.
(Russia), 10: 140-144.
3. Brown L.S., Semin B.K., Ivanov I.I., Kononenko A.A., Chamorovsky S.K.,
Churin A.A. (1991) Tetracaine induces the formation of the spectral form of
bacteriorhodopsin BR-470 in purple membranes of halobacteria. Biochemistry
(USSR), 56: 241-249.