References & AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsWe would like to thank our advisor, Adam Bonnycastle and our teaching assistants, Anthony Francioni and Jenelle White for their assistance in the project. ReferencesAssal, T. J., Sibold, J., & Reich, R. (2014). Modeling a Historical Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak Using Landsat MSS and Multiple Lines of Evidence. Remote Sensing of Environment, 155, 275- 288. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.09.002 Batter, C. B., Wulder, M. A., White, J. C., Coops, N. C., (2010). Preliminary findings towards the use of lira and digital imagery as sampling tools to characterize volume killed by mountain pine beetle. Canadian Forest Service Publications. Retrieved from https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=30980 Bone, C., & Altaweel, M. (2014). Modeling micro-scale ecological processes and emergent patterns of mountain pine beetle epidemics. Ecological Modelling, 289, 45-58. doi:10.1016/ j.ecolmodel.2014.06.018 Cale, J. A., Taft, S., Najar, A., Klutsch, J. G., Hughes, C. C., Sweeney, J. D., & Erbilgin, N. (2015). Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) can produce its aggregation pheromone and complete brood development in naïve red pine (Pinus resinosa) under laboratory conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 45(12), 1873-1877. doi:10.1139/ cjfr-2015-0277 Campbell, E.M., Alfaro, R.I., Hawkes, B. (2007). Spatial Distribution of Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Relation to Climate and Stand Characteristics: A Dendroecological Analysis. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 49 (2): 168−178 doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00423.x Canada’s National Forest Inventory (CNFI). (2013). Table 14.0. Area (1000 ha) of forest land by species group and age class in Canada. Retrieved from https://nfi.nfis.org/resources/general/summaries/en/html/CA3_T14_LSAGE20... Carroll A. L., Taylor, S. W., Jacques, R., and Safranyik, L. 2003. Effect of climate change on range expansion by the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia. The Bark Beetles, Fuel, and Fire Bibliography. Cooke, B. J., & Carroll, A. L. (2017). Predicting the risk of mountain pine beetle spread to eastern pine forests: Considering uncertainty in uncertain times. Forest Ecology and Management,396, 11-25. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.008 Creeden, E. P., Hicke, J. A., & Buotte, P. C. (2014). Climate, weather, and recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the western United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 312, 239-251. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.051 Cullingham, C. I., Cooke, J. E., Dang, S., Davis, C. S., Cooke, B. J., & Coltman, D. W. (2011). Mountain pine beetle host-range expansion threatens the boreal forest. Molecular Ecology,20(10), 2157-2171. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05086.x Dordel, J., Feller, M.C., Simard, S.W. (2008). Effects of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infestations on forest stand structure in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. 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Sambaraju , Allan L. Carroll , Jun Zhu , Kerstin Stahl , R. Dan Moore and Brian H. Aukema (2012). Climate change could alter the distribution of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in western Canada. Ecography 35: 211–223 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2011. 06847.x Koch, F. H., and Smith, W. D. (2008). Spatio-temporal analysis of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curclionidae: Scolytinae) invasion in Eastern U.S. forests. Environmental Entomology, 37(2), 442-452. NASA. (2000). Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI) : Feature Articles. Retrieved from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/MeasuringVegetation/measuring... Natural Resources Canada (NRC). (2016, June 21). Mountain pine beetle. Retrieved from http:// www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13381 Natural Resources Canada (NRC). (2017). Canada’s forests by the numbers. Retrieved from http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/38892.pdf Natural Resources Canada (NRC). (2017, February 21). Mountain pine beetle (factsheet). Retrieved from http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/fire-insects-disturbances/top-insects/13397 Nealis, V. G., & Cooke, B. J. (2014). Risk assessment of the threat of mountain pine beetle to Canada's boreal and eastern pine forests. Canadian Forest Service Publications. Retrieved from https://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=35406 Nealis, V. G., & Peter, B. (2008). Risk assessment of the threat of mountain pine beetle to Canada's boreal and eastern pine forests. Canadian Forest Service Publications. Retrieved from http://www.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/publications?id=28891 Powell, J. A., & Bentz, B. J. (2009). Connecting phenological predictions with population growth rates for mountain pine beetle, an outbreak insect. Landscape Ecology, 24(5), 657-672. doi:10.1007/s10980-009-9340-1 Rosenberger, D.W. ; Aukema, B.H. ; Venette, R.C. (2017). Cold tolerance of mountain pine beetle among novel eastern pines: A potential for trade-offs in an invaded range? Forest Ecology and Management 400: 28–37 doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.031. Safranyik, L., A. L. Carroll, J. Régnière, D. W. Langor, W. G. Riel, T. L. Shore, B. Peter, B. J. Cooke, V. G. Nealis, and S. W. Taylor. (2012). Potential for range expansion of mountain pine beetle into the boreal forest of North America. The Canadian Entomologist, 142,415–442. Venette, R. C. (2015). The challenge of modelling and mapping the future distribution and impact of invasive species. USDA Forest Service. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/nrs/pubs/jrnl/2015/nrs_2015_venette_001.pdf
Map LayerBrandt, J.P. (2009). The extent of the North American boreal zone. Environmental Reviews 17:101–161.
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